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This key occurs more often in piano literature from the 18th century onwards. Domenico Scarlatti wrote just two keyboard sonatas in C-sharp minor, K. 246 and K. 247. After Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 14 (Moonlight Sonata), the key became more frequent in the piano repertoire.
In Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6, Franz Liszt takes the unusual step of changing the key from D-flat major to C-sharp major near the start of the piece, and then back again to B-flat minor. Maurice Ravel selected C-sharp major as the tonic key of "Ondine" from his piano suite Gaspard de la nuit.
In the key of C major, these would be: D minor, E minor, F major, G major, A minor, and C minor. Despite being three sharps or flats away from the original key in the circle of fifths, parallel keys are also considered as closely related keys as the tonal center is the same, and this makes this key have an affinity with the original key.
Chord qualities are sometimes omitted. When specified, they appear immediately after the root note or, if the root is omitted, at the beginning of the chord name or symbol. For instance, in the symbol Cm 7 (C minor seventh chord) C is the root and m is the chord quality.
The scale degree chords of C minor are: Tonic – C minor; Supertonic – D diminished; Mediant – E-flat major; Subdominant – F minor; Dominant – G minor; Submediant – A-flat major; Subtonic – B-flat major
These chords are all borrowed from the key of E minor. Similarly, in minor keys, chords from the parallel major may also be "borrowed". For example, in E minor, the diatonic chord built on the fourth scale degree is IVm, or A minor. However, in practice, many songs in E minor will use IV (A major), which is borrowed from the key of E major.
Relative tonic chords on C and A (Play ⓘ). Chromatic modulation in Bach's Du grosser Schmerzensmann, BWV 300, m. 5-6 (Play ⓘ with half cadence, Play ⓘ with PAC) transitions from FM to its relative minor dm through the inflection of C ♮ to C ♯ between the second and third chords. This modulation does not require a change of key signature.
Thus, in the simple chord progression I–ii–V–I, which in the key of C major would be the chords C Major–D minor–G Major–C Major, a musician could replace the I chords with "tonic substitutes". The most widely used substitutes are iii and vi (in a Major key), which in this case would be the chords "E minor" and "A minor".