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Collection implementations in pre-JDK 1.2 versions of the Java platform included few data structure classes, but did not contain a collections framework. [4] The standard methods for grouping Java objects were via the array, the Vector, and the Hashtable classes, which unfortunately were not easy to extend, and did not implement a standard member interface.
In computer programming, a collection is an abstract data type that is a grouping of items that can be used in a polymorphic way. Often, the items are of the same data type such as int or string . Sometimes the items derive from a common type; even deriving from the most general type of a programming language such as object or variant .
The Java collections framework supports generics to specify the type of objects stored in a collection instance. In 1998, Gilad Bracha, Martin Odersky, David Stoutamire and Philip Wadler created Generic Java, an extension to the Java language to support generic types. [4] Generic Java was incorporated in Java with the addition of wildcards.
Record (also called a structure or struct), a collection of fields Product type (also called a tuple), a record in which the fields are not named; String, a sequence of characters representing text; Union, a datum which may be one of a set of types
Since JDK 1.2, Java has included a standard set of collection classes, the Java collections framework Doug Lea , who also participated in the Java collections framework implementation, developed a concurrency package , comprising several concurrency primitives and a large battery of collection-related classes. [ 19 ]
However, a generic type can be specialized with an array type of a primitive type in Java, for example List < int []> is allowed. [78] Several third-party libraries implemented the basic collections in Java with backing primitive arrays to preserve the runtime and memory optimization that primitive types provide. [79]
He led the design and implementation of numerous Java platform features, including the Java Collections Framework, the java.math package, and the assert mechanism. [1] He is the author of the programming guide Effective Java (2001), which won the 2001 Jolt Award , [ 2 ] and is a co-author of two other Java books, Java Puzzlers (2005) and Java ...
Java applications consist of collections of classes. ... For example, java.io.InputStream is a fully qualified class name for the class InputStream which is located ...