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Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory (/ ˈ v ɛ s p ər, v ə ˈ s ɛ p ər / VESP-ər, [1]: 410 və-SEP-ər [2]) is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. [3]
This shape is found when there are four bonds all on one central atom, with no extra unshared electron pairs. In accordance with the VSEPR (valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory), the bond angles between the electron bonds are arccos(− 1 / 3 ) = 109.47°. For example, methane (CH 4) is a tetrahedral molecule.
Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the concepts of both the electron pair and the covalent bond in a landmark paper he published in 1916. [1] [2] MO diagrams depicting covalent (left) and polar covalent (right) bonding in a diatomic molecule. In both cases a bond is created by the formation of an electron pair.
Other molecules have a tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom; for example ammonia (NH 3) with the nitrogen atom surrounded by three hydrogens and one lone pair. However the usual classification considers only the bonded atoms and not the lone pair, so that ammonia is actually considered as pyramidal. The H–N–H ...
Structure of cisplatin, an example of a molecule with the square planar coordination geometry. In chemistry, the square planar molecular geometry describes the stereochemistry (spatial arrangement of atoms) that is adopted by certain chemical compounds. As the name suggests, molecules of this geometry have their atoms positioned at the corners.
Hence, M II Si with their zigzag chains of Si 2− anions (containing two lone pairs of electrons on each Si anion that can accept protons) yield the polymeric hydride (SiH 2) x. Yet another small-scale route for the production of silane is from the action of sodium amalgam on dichlorosilane , SiH 2 Cl 2 , to yield monosilane along with some ...
The T-shaped geometry is related to the trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry for AX 5 molecules with three equatorial and two axial ligands. In an AX 3 E 2 molecule, the two lone pairs occupy two equatorial positions, and the three ligand atoms occupy the two axial positions as well as one equatorial position.
[11] [12] This electron distance maximization happens to achieve the most stable electron distribution. [11] [12] The result of VSEPR theory is being able to predict bond angles with accuracy. According to VSEPR theory, the geometry of a molecule can be predicted by counting how many electron pairs and atoms are connected to a central atom.