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If A is an m × n matrix and A T is its transpose, then the result of matrix multiplication with these two matrices gives two square matrices: A A T is m × m and A T A is n × n. Furthermore, these products are symmetric matrices. Indeed, the matrix product A A T has entries that are the inner product of a row of A with a column of A T.
The left null space of A is the set of all vectors x such that x T A = 0 T. It is the same as the null space of the transpose of A. The product of the matrix A T and the vector x can be written in terms of the dot product of vectors:
The transpose (indicated by T) of any row vector is a column vector, and the transpose of any column vector is a row vector: […] = [] and [] = […]. The set of all row vectors with n entries in a given field (such as the real numbers ) forms an n -dimensional vector space ; similarly, the set of all column vectors with m entries forms an m ...
The conjugate transpose of a matrix with real entries reduces to the transpose of , as the conjugate of a real number is the number itself. The conjugate transpose can be motivated by noting that complex numbers can be usefully represented by 2 × 2 {\displaystyle 2\times 2} real matrices, obeying matrix addition and multiplication: [ 3 ]
In linear algebra, the transpose of a linear map between two vector spaces, defined over the same field, is an induced map between the dual spaces of the two vector spaces. The transpose or algebraic adjoint of a linear map is often used to study the original linear map.
Transposition, producing the transpose of a matrix A T, which is computed by swapping columns for rows in the matrix A; Transpose of a linear map; Transposition (logic), a rule of replacement in philosophical logic; Transpose relation, another name for converse relation
Vectorization is a unitary transformation from the space of n×n matrices with the Frobenius (or Hilbert–Schmidt) inner product to C n 2: (†) = † (), where the superscript † denotes the conjugate transpose.
Here is the conjugate transpose of V (or simply the transpose, if V contains real numbers only), and I denotes the identity matrix (of some dimension). Comment: The diagonal elements of D are called the singular values of A .