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As a result, the SNR (Signal-to-noise ratio) for a fixed number of detected photons can be higher than that from a PMT. Conversely, the stochastic gain of a PMT typically requires more detected photons to obtain the same SNR. Mass production of silicon electronics by multiple vendors allows SiPMs to be made very cheaply relative to vacuum tubes.
Photons seem well-suited to be elements of an extremely fast quantum computer, and the quantum entanglement of photons is a focus of research. Nonlinear optical processes are another active research area, with topics such as two-photon absorption , self-phase modulation , modulational instability and optical parametric oscillators .
Modeling photon propagation with Monte Carlo methods is a flexible yet rigorous approach to simulate photon transport. In the method, local rules of photon transport are expressed as probability distributions which describe the step size of photon movement between sites of photon-matter interaction and the angles of deflection in a photon's trajectory when a scattering event occurs.
Virtual photons can have a range of polarizations, which can be described as the orientation of the electric and magnetic fields that make up the photon. The polarization of a virtual photon is determined by the direction of its momentum and its interaction with the charges that emit or absorb it.
Due to the limited full-well capacity of conventional image pixel, the pixel will saturate when the light intensity is too strong. This is the reason that the dynamic range of the pixel is low. For the oversampled binary image sensor, the dynamic range is not defined for a single pixel, but a group of pixels, which makes the dynamic range high. [2]
A Feynman diagram (box diagram) for photon–photon scattering: one photon scatters from the transient vacuum charge fluctuations of the other. Two-photon physics, also called gamma–gamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons.
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There are many parameters that can be used to evaluate the performance of an image sensor, including dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio, and low-light sensitivity. For sensors of comparable types, the signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range improve as the size increases. It is because in a given integration (exposure) time, more photons hit ...