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Chlorine gas poisoning is an illness resulting from the effects of exposure to chlorine beyond the threshold limit value. Acute chlorine gas poisoning primarily affects the respiratory system , causing difficulty breathing, cough, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and sometimes skin irritation .
Many gases have toxic properties, which are often assessed using the LC 50 (median lethal concentration) measure. In the United States, many of these gases have been assigned an NFPA 704 health rating of 4 (may be fatal) or 3 (may cause serious or permanent injury), and/or exposure limits (TLV, TWA/PEL, STEL, or REL) determined by the ACGIH professional association.
Severe exposure may result in changes in upper and lower airways resulting in an acute lung injury, which may not be present until several hours after exposure. A recent chlorine gas leak in Pune, India, landed 20 individuals in the hospital. [9] Though that was an accidental exposure, chlorine gas has been used as a weapon of warfare since ...
Microscopic section of human lung from phosgene shell poisoning from An Atlas of Gas Poisoning, 1918. The deficiencies of chlorine were overcome with the introduction of phosgene, which was prepared by a group of French chemists led by Victor Grignard and first used by France in 1915. [32]
A chemical weapon agent (CWA), or chemical warfare agent, is a chemical substance whose toxic properties are meant to kill, injure or incapacitate human beings.About 70 different chemicals have been used or stockpiled as chemical weapon agents during the 20th century, although the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has an online database listing 35,942 chemicals which ...
Later, during the American Civil War, New York school teacher John Doughty proposed the offensive use of chlorine gas, delivered by filling a 10-inch (254 millimeter) artillery shell with two to three quarts (1.89–2.84 liters) of liquid chlorine, which could produce many cubic feet of chlorine gas.
Irritants capable of causing chemical pneumonitis include vomitus, [2] barium used in gastro-intestinal imaging, chlorine gas (among other pulmonary agents), [2] ingested gasoline [2] or other petroleum distillates, ingested or skin absorbed pesticides, [2] gases from electroplating, [2] smoke [2] and others.
During the attack, Lieutenant Kotlinsky was mortally wounded and handed over command of the compound to the 2nd Osovetska Sap Company Władysław Strzemiński, who, despite severe gas poisoning, with the remnants of the company entrusted to him, carried the attack to the end, using bayonet tactics to take possession of the 1st and 2nd sections ...