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For this reason, cognitive dissonance is considered a drive state that generates motivation to achieve consonance and reduce dissonance. An example of cognitive dissonance would be if someone holds the belief that maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important, but maintains a sedentary lifestyle and eats unhealthy food.
A model of communication is a simplified presentation that aims to give a basic explanation of the process by highlighting its most fundamental characteristics and components. [16] [8] [17] For example, James Watson and Anne Hill see Lasswell's model as a mere questioning device and not as a full model of communication. [10]
Dolf Zillmann began developing excitation-transfer theory in the late 1960s through the early 1970s and continued to refine it into the 21st century. [1] The theory itself is based largely on Clark Hull's notion of residual excitation (i.e., drive theory), Stanley Schachter's two factor theory of emotion, and the application of the three-factor theory of emotions.
By taking into account heightened emotion, reaction to the stooge, as well as prompted questions, all these elicited factors provide a negative or positive affect. Although the study took place in 1962, it is still studied in both psychology and communication fields today as an example of appraisal theory in relation to affect and emotion.
For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition), they are in a state of cognitive dissonance. [16] Showing how the dissonance theory directly correlates to the boomerang effect has made impact on our knowledge of why humans act and can be influenced the way that they are.
Reinforcement theory is a limited effects media model applicable within the realm of communication.The theory generally states that people seek out and remember information that provides cognitive support for their pre-existing attitudes and beliefs.
Attitudes are associated beliefs and behaviors towards some object. [1] [2] They are not stable, and because of the communication and behavior of other people, are subject to change by social influences, as well as by the individual's motivation to maintain cognitive consistency when cognitive dissonance occurs—when two attitudes or attitude and behavior conflict.
Revisiting the example of the smoker, they can either quit smoking, reduce the importance of their health, convince themself they are not at risk, or decide that the reward of smoking is worth the cost of their health. Cognitive dissonance is powerful when it relates to competition and self-concept. The most famous example of how cognitive ...