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Paul Ekman (born February 15, 1934) [1] is an American psychologist and professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco who is a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions. [2] He was ranked 59th out of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the twentieth century in 2002 by the Review of General ...
A popular example is Paul Ekman and his colleagues' cross-cultural study of 1992, in which they concluded that the six basic emotions are anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. [2] Ekman explains that there are particular characteristics attached to each of these emotions, allowing them to be expressed in varying degrees in a ...
Microexpressions express the seven universal emotions: disgust, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, contempt, and surprise. Nevertheless, in the 1990s, Paul Ekman expanded his list of emotions, including a range of positive and negative emotions not all of which are encoded in facial muscles. These emotions are amusement, embarrassment, anxiety ...
The only emotions the preliterate people found hard to distinguish between were fear and surprise. [4] Ekman noted that while universal expressions do not necessarily prove Darwin's theory that they evolved, they do provide strong evidence of the possibility. [5]
In the early 1960s, Silvan Tomkins' Affect Theory built upon Darwin's research, arguing that facial expressions are biological and universal manifestations of emotions. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In 1971, psychologists Paul Ekman [ 14 ] and Carroll Izard [ 15 ] explored the universality of emotions, creating sets of photographs displaying emotions that were ...
Ekman, Paul, ed. (2003), Emotions Inside Out: 130 Years after Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1st ed.), New York: New York Academy of Sciences, archived from the original on 1 March 2012; Free e-book versions: D. Appleton, New York, 1899
Ekman's facial-expression research examined six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. [41] Later in his career, [42] Ekman theorized that other universal emotions may exist beyond these six.
Emotions go beyond simple judgments of stimuli in our environment and are forms of motivation that drive action. [24] Traditional appraisal theories consider appraisals to be universal and like a set of switches that can be turned on by biological and environmental triggers.