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General plural formal command; used also as familiar plural command in Spanish America Note that the pronouns precede the verb in the negative commands as the mode is subjunctive, not imperative: no te comas/comás ; no se coma/coman ; no nos comamos ; no os comáis .
The second-person familiar plural is expressed in most of Spain with the pronoun vosotros and its characteristic verb forms (e.g., coméis 'you eat'), while in Latin American Spanish it merges with the formal second-person plural (e.g., ustedes comen). Thus, ustedes is used as both the formal and familiar second-person pronoun in Latin America.
Essive-formal case: marking a condition as a quality (a kind of shape) as a house Hungarian | Manchu: Essive-modal case: marking a condition as a quality (a way of being) as a house Hungarian: Exessive case: marking a transition from a condition: from being a house (i.e., it stops being a house) Estonian (rare) | Finnish (dialectal) Formal case
For the second person formal, virtually all Spanish dialects of Spain and the Americas use usted and ustedes (singular and plural respectively). But for the second person familiar , there is regional variation—between tú and vos for the singular, and, separately, between vosotros and ustedes for the plural.
Some loanwords enter Spanish in their plural forms but are reanalyzed as singular nouns (e.g., the Italian plurals el confeti 'confetti', el espagueti 'spaghetti', and el ravioli 'ravioli'). These words then follow the typical morphological rules of Spanish, essentially double marking the plural (e.g., los confetis, los espaguetis, and los ...
Even in modern times, the use of vosotros may still be found in oratory, legal documents, or other highly formal or archaic contexts. [11] Spanish studies scholar Daniel Eisenberg has noted that because the "use of archaic Spanish can give an impression of authority and wisdom", Latin American Spanish speakers will sometimes use vosotros to ...
Formal conjugations of the plural imperative end in -d, but in colloquial use the most common conjugation ends in -r instead: pensar, contar, etc. The verbs sentir and dormir also undergo vowel raising .
The complexity of Spanish grammar is found primarily in verbs. Inflected forms of a Spanish verb contain a lexical root, a theme vowel, and inflection; for example, the verb cantar ("to sing") becomes cantamos [b] ("we sing") in its first-person plural, present indicative form. [10]