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Outer hair cells extend the hearing range to about 200 kHz in some marine mammals. [16] They have also improved frequency selectivity (frequency discrimination), which is of particular benefit for humans, because it enabled sophisticated speech and music. Outer hair cells are functional even after cellular stores of ATP are depleted. [13]
Hair cells die of old age, acoustic overstimulation and other traumas. [2] Oxotoxin exposure, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics and cisplatin, is also a major contributor to hair cell death. [7] Because mammals have very limited hair cell regeneration, hearing loss is essentially irreversible and therefore a therapeutic target for regeneration.
In the inner ear, stereocilia are the mechanosensing organelles of hair cells, which respond to fluid motion in numerous types of animals for various functions, including hearing and balance. They are about 10–50 micrometers in length and share some similar features of microvilli . [ 1 ]
Once outer hair cells are damaged, they do not regenerate, and the result is a loss of sensitivity and an abnormally large growth of loudness (known as recruitment) in the part of the spectrum that the damaged cells serve. [13] While hearing loss has always been considered irreversible in mammals, fish and birds routinely repair such damage.
The hair cells have a hair bundle at the apical surface of the cell. The hair bundle consists of an array of actin-based stereocilia. Each stereocilium inserts as a rootlet into a dense filamentous actin mesh known as the cuticular plate. Disruption of these bundles results in hearing impairments and balance defects. Inner and outer pillar ...
Hair cells responsible for transduction—changing mechanical changes into electrical stimuli are ... When hearing loss is a result of injury or damage to the ...
There are two types of hair cells specific to the auditory system; inner and outer hair cells. Inner hair cells are the mechanoreceptors for hearing: they transduce the vibration of sound into electrical activity in nerve fibers, which is transmitted to the brain. Outer hair cells are a motor structure.
For one, the tall hair cell is very similar in function to that of the inner hair cell, and the short hair cell, lacking afferent auditory-nerve fiber innervation, resembles the outer hair cell. One unavoidable difference, however, is that while all hair cells are attached to a tectorial membrane in birds, only the outer hair cells are attached ...