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Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion. [1] Gene conversion can be either allelic, meaning that one allele of the same gene replaces another allele, or ectopic, meaning that one paralogous DNA sequence converts another.
This process of the second bacterial cell taking up new genetic material is called transformation. In molecular biology and genetics, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
Griffith's experiment, [1] performed by Frederick Griffith and reported in 1928, [2] was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation. [3] [4] Griffith's findings were followed by research in the late 1930s and early 40s that isolated DNA as the material ...
An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and hence an example of horizontal gene transfer. [2] [3] [page needed] Transduction does not require physical contact between the cell donating the DNA and the cell receiving the DNA (which occurs in conjugation), and it is DNase resistant (transformation is
The first transgenic organism was created in 1974 when Annie Chang and Stanley Cohen expressed Staphylococcus aureus genes in Escherichia coli. [3] In 1978, yeast cells were the first eukaryotic organisms to undergo gene transfer. [4] Mouse cells were first transformed in 1979, followed by mouse embryos in 1980.
This principle of "independent assortment" of genes is fundamental to genetic inheritance. [30] However, the frequency of recombination is actually not the same for all gene combinations. This leads to the notion of " genetic distance ", which is a measure of recombination frequency averaged over a (suitably large) sample of pedigrees.
Genes that typically stay together during recombination are said to be linked. One gene in a linked pair can sometimes be used as a marker to deduce the presence of the other gene. This is typically used to detect the presence of a disease-causing gene. [7] The recombination frequency between two loci observed is the crossing-over value.
In microbiology, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to alter its genetics by taking up extracellular DNA from its environment through a process called transformation. Competence can be differentiated between natural competence and induced or artificial competence.