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An overdose of bisoprolol can lead to fatigue, hypotension, [21] hypoglycemia, [23] [24] bronchospasms, and bradycardia. [21] Bronchospasms and hypoglycemia occur because at high doses, the drug can be an antagonist for β 2 adrenergic receptors located in the lungs and liver. Bronchospasm occurs due to the blockage of β 2 receptors in
Coronary ischemia, myocardial ischemia, [1] or cardiac ischemia, [2] is a medical term for abnormally reduced blood flow in the coronary circulation through the coronary arteries. [3] Coronary ischemia is linked to heart disease, and heart attacks. [4] Coronary arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. [5]
Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a type of cardiomyopathy caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart. [4] Typically, patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy have a history of acute myocardial infarction, [5] however, it may occur in patients with coronary artery disease, but without a past history of acute myocardial infarction.
The two beats are figuratively similar to two twins (hence bi-+ gemini). For example, in ventricular bigeminy, a sinus beat is shortly followed by a premature ventricular contraction (PVC), a pause, another normal beat, and then another PVC. [1] In atrial bigeminy, the other "twin" is a premature atrial contraction (PAC).
1.5–2 days: 3–5 days: Macrophages and lymphocytes: 3–5 days: 5–10 days (including 'siderophages') 10 days to 2 months: Vessel/endothelial sprouts* 5–10 days: 10 days–4 weeks: 4 weeks: disappearance of capillaries; some large dilated vessels persist: Fibroblast and young collagen* 5–10 days: 2–4 weeks: After 4 weeks; depends on ...
The main reason for the acute phase of ischemia-reperfusion injury is oxygen deprivation and, therefore, arrest of generation of ATP (cellular energy currency) by mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation. Tissue damage due to the general energy deficit during ischemia is followed by reperfusion (increase of oxygen level) when the injury is enhanced.
A new review reports that nine people taking semaglutide and tirzepatide — the active ingredient in GLP-1 medications — experienced vision issues, including three potentially blinding eye ...
Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]