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The volcanic eruption that produced the Deicke K-bentonite bed which has been dated to 457.1 ±1.0, which was calculated using a concordant uranium-lead dating zircon fraction. [2] The Deicke and Millbrig eruptions have a minimal estimation of 600,000 km 2 (230,000 sq mi) covered and at least 1,122 km 3 (269 cu mi) of pre-compaction bentonite ...
Bentonite layers from an ancient deposit of weathered volcanic ash tuff in Wyoming Gray shale and bentonites (Benton Shale; Colorado Springs, Colorado). Bentonite (/ ˈ b ɛ n t ə n aɪ t / BEN-tə-nyte) [1] [2] is an absorbent swelling clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite (a type of smectite) which can either be Na-montmorillonite or Ca-montmorillonite.
Beds of lava flows exposed on the island of La Gomera. Bed thickness is a basic and important characteristic of beds. Besides mapping stratigraphic units and interpreting sedimentary facies, the analysis of bed thickness can be used to recognize breaks in sedimentation, cyclic sedimentation patterns, and gradual environmental changes. [10]
The Tioga Bentonites are a series of ash bed layers occurring in three Sedimentary basins in the eastern and midwestern United States. The primary basin they are found in is the Appalachian Basin, as well as the Illinois Basin and the Michigan Basin. Due to an unconformity these ash beds are not present in the southern Appalachians. [1]
Tool marks are a type of sole marking formed by grooves left in a bed by objects dragged along by a current. The average direction of these can be assumed to be the axis of flow direction. Mudcracks form when mud is dewatered, shrinks, and leaves a crack. This tells you that the mud was saturated with water and then exposed to air.
Flame structures consist of mud and are wavy or "flame" shaped. These flames usually extend into an overlying sandstone layer. This deformation is caused from sand being deposited onto mud, which is less dense. [2] Load casts, technically a subset of sole markings, below, are the features which form alongside flame structures. Flames are thin ...
If mud and sand deposits are equal, wavy bedding is produced. Wavy bedding occurs when mud is deposited over the whole area of a bed of rippled and/or cross stratified sand. It usually loosely follows the alternating concave-convex nature of the ripples creating a wavy appearance. In wavy bedding the ripples are laterally discontinuous.
Clay, mud, silt, cross-bedded sand, and pebbles were later deposited by meandering streams and in flood plains, forming the locally 100 to 500 foot (30 to 150 m) thick Salt Wash Member. [14] Claystone and mudstone beds of this member erode into gray slopes that can exhibit brown, red, yellow, and green colors.