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The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927, the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party or KMT).
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It began when the Shanghai Municipal Police opened fire on Chinese protesters in Shanghai's International Settlement on 30 May 1925 (the Shanghai massacre of 1925). The shootings sparked international censure and nationwide anti-foreign demonstrations and riots [ 1 ] such as the Hands Off China protests in the United Kingdom.
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During a general strike on March 22, 1927, Chen Duxiu and Zhou Enlai [3] would lead a group of 5,000 armed workers in the city's third armed uprising. [1] After seizing the city by 6pm, they, along with soviets organized by strikers, established the Shanghai Provisional Municipal Government along the lines of the Paris Commune. [4]
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Soon after the uprising's start, she sent a letter to the revolutionaries' commander-in-chief, Li Yuanhong, proposing the formation of an armed female brigade to aid the rebels. [2] [5] Though other women would also take up arms as the revolution spread, Wu was believed to have been the first to suggest the formation of a women's army. [3]
Daughter of Shanghai is a memoir by Tsai Chin, published in 1988 by St. Martin's Press in the United States and by Chatto and Windus in the United Kingdom. Jean Fritz in the Washington Post wrote that "The heart of this book lies in Tsai Chin's conflicts as she tried to feel at home in two cultures on opposite sides of the world."