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The Chinese gentry: studies on their role in nineteenth-century Chinese society (1955) online; Ch'u T'ung-tsu. Han Social Structure (Washington U. Press, 1972) Ch'u T'ung-tsu. "Chinese Class Structure and its Ideology" in Chinese Thought and Institutions, ed. J. K. Fairbank, 1957, online pp 235–250.
Family members expect to be addressed by the correct term that indicated their relationship to the person communicating with them. [6] Whenever wills clashed, it was expected, and even legally enforced, [4] that the will of the superior family member would prevail over the will of a junior family member. [3] In the Chinese kinship system:
The book has since been translated into other languages and published in France, the Netherlands, China, and Taiwan. An updated edition was published in 2009 by Rider, a part of Random House. Frank Ching is knowledgeable about Chinese history and has conducted extensive research. [1] "Qin" is the standard pinyin romanization of Frank Ching's ...
It is the Chinese tradition to record family members in a book, including every male born in the family, who they are married to, etc. Traditionally, only males' names are recorded in the books. During the Cultural Revolution , many of the books were destroyed, because they were considered by the Chinese Communist Party as among the Four Olds ...
These stories depict how children exercised their filial piety customs in the past. While China has always had a diversity of religious beliefs, the custom of filial piety has been common to almost all of them; historian Hugh D.R. Baker calls respect for the family the one element common to almost all Chinese people. [citation needed]
A painting of a gentry scholar with two courtesans, by Tang Yin, c. 1500. The four occupations (simplified Chinese: 士农工商; traditional Chinese: 士農工商; pinyin: Shì nóng gōng shāng), or "four categories of the people" (Chinese: 四民; pinyin: sì mín), [1] [2] was an occupation classification used in ancient China by either Confucian or Legalist scholars as far back as the ...
In the early 1970s, the attitude of Mao Zedong and others changed, and the Chinese government began to implement family planning.Family planning policies of China have been implemented in the cities. [22] In economically developed areas, birth control and "giving a child is good" have become a conscious behavior of women of childbearing age.
The Book of Han covered the history of China left off from Sima's work during Emperor Wu's reign up until the middle Eastern Han. [212] Although the Records of the Three Kingdoms included events in late Eastern Han, no history work focused exclusively on the Eastern Han period until the Book of Later Han was compiled by Fan Ye (398–445 CE).