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Behaviorism is a systematic approach to understand the behavior of humans and other animals. [1] [2] It assumes that behavior is either a reflex elicited by the pairing of certain antecedent stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment contingencies, together with the individual's current motivational state and ...
Edwin Ray Guthrie (/ ˈ ɡ ʌ θ r i /; January 9, 1886 – April 23, 1959), a behavioral psychologist, began his career in mathematics and philosophy in 1917. He spent most of his career at the University of Washington, where he was a full-time professor and later became an emeritus professor in psychology.
Purposive behaviorism is a branch of psychology that was introduced by Edward Tolman.It combines the study of behavior while also considering the purpose or goal of behavior. [1]
He was born on January 9, 1878. [2] [6] His father, Pickens Butler Watson, was an alcoholic and left the family to live with two Indian women when John was 13 years old—a transgression which he never forgave. [7]
Clark Leonard Hull (May 24, 1884 – May 10, 1952) was an American psychologist who sought to explain learning and motivation by scientific laws of behavior.Hull is known for his debates with Edward C. Tolman.
William D. Timberlake (19 November 1942 – 17 October 2019) was a psychologist and animal behavior scientist. [1] [2] [3] His work included behavioral economics, contrast effects, spatial cognition, adjunctive behavior, time horizons, and circadian entrainment of feeding and drug use.
Radical behaviorism is a "philosophy of the science of behavior" developed by B. F. Skinner. [1] It refers to the philosophy behind behavior analysis, and is to be distinguished from methodological behaviorism—which has an intense emphasis on observable behaviors—by its inclusion of thinking, feeling, and other private events in the analysis of human and animal psychology. [2]
Teleological behaviorism is a variety of behaviorism.Like all other forms of behaviorism it relies heavily on attention to outwardly observable human behaviors. Similarly to other branches of behaviorism, teleological behaviorism takes into account cognitive processes, like emotions and thoughts, but does not view these as empirical causes of behavior.