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This 5s 0 configuration, unique in period 5, makes palladium the heaviest element having only one incomplete electron shell, with all shells above it empty. Palladium has the appearance of a soft silver-white metal that resembles platinum. It is the least dense and has the lowest melting point of the platinum group metals.
Group 10 elements are observed in oxidation states of +1 to +4. [2] The +2 oxidation state is common for nickel and palladium, while +2 and +4 are common for platinum. Oxidation states of -2 and -1 have also been observed for nickel [3] [4] and platinum, [5] and an oxidation state of +5 has been observed for palladium [6] and platinum. [7]
The platinum-group metals [a] (PGMs) are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6). [1] The six platinum-group metals are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum.
This article summarizes the world palladium production by country. This is a list of countries by palladium production in kilograms, based upon data from the United States Geological Survey. [1] In 2019, the world production of palladium totaled 210,000 kilograms—down 5% from 220,000 kg in 2018.
Metals are not the only type of chemical element that can occur in the native state. Non-metallic elements occurring in the native state include carbon, sulfur, and selenium. Silicon, a semi-metal, has rarely been found in the native state as small inclusions in gold. [4]
Natural palladium (46 Pd) is composed of six stable isotopes, 102 Pd, 104 Pd, 105 Pd, 106 Pd, 108 Pd, and 110 Pd, although 102 Pd and 110 Pd are theoretically unstable. The most stable radioisotopes are 107 Pd with a half-life of 6.5 million years, 103 Pd with a half-life of 17 days, and 100 Pd with a half-life of 3.63 days.
In comparison, only platinum is known to show the maximum oxidation state in the group, +6, while the most stable state is +2 for both nickel and palladium. It is further expected that the maximum oxidation states of elements from bohrium (element 107) to darmstadtium (element 110) may be stable in the gas phase but not in aqueous solution. [3]
Palladium (New York City), a concert hall and later a nightclub in New York City, in the late 1980s and early 1990s Palladium Hall, a dormitory for New York University students located where the nightclub once stood; Palladium Times Square, an events venue in New York City; Palladium (St. Louis), former home of the Paradise Club jazz club