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When treating categorical variables such as ethnic groups and experimental treatments as independent variables in moderated regression, one needs to code the variables so that each code variable represents a specific setting of the categorical variable. There are three basic ways of coding: dummy-variable coding, contrast coding and effects coding.
In computer programming, duplicate code is a sequence of source code that occurs more than once, either within a program or across different programs owned or maintained by the same entity. Duplicate code is generally considered undesirable for a number of reasons. [ 1 ]
Graphs that are appropriate for bivariate analysis depend on the type of variable. For two continuous variables, a scatterplot is a common graph. When one variable is categorical and the other continuous, a box plot is common and when both are categorical a mosaic plot is common. These graphs are part of descriptive statistics.
For two qualitative variables (nominal or ordinal in level of measurement), a contingency table can be used to view the data, and a measure of association or a test of independence could be used. [3] If the variables are quantitative, the pairs of values of these two variables are often represented as individual points in a plane using a ...
It is possible to have multiple independent variables or multiple dependent variables. For instance, in multivariable calculus, one often encounters functions of the form z = f(x,y), where z is a dependent variable and x and y are independent variables. [8] Functions with multiple outputs are often referred to as vector-valued functions.
The implicit function theorem of more than two real variables deals with the continuity and differentiability of the function, as follows. [4] Let ϕ ( x 1 , x 2 , …, x n ) be a continuous function with continuous first order partial derivatives, and let ϕ evaluated at a point ( a , b ) = ( a 1 , a 2 , …, a n , b ) be zero:
A module here refers to a subroutine of any kind, i.e. a set of one or more statements having a name and preferably its own set of variable names. Content coupling (high) Content coupling is said to occur when one module uses the code of another module, for instance a branch. This violates information hiding – a basic software design concept.
The class writer has the option to rename the inherited features to separate them. Multiple inheritance is a frequent occurrence in Eiffel development; most of the effective classes in the widely used EiffelBase library of data structures and algorithms, for example, have two or more parents. [7] Go prevents the diamond problem at compile time.