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The adult hookworms then burrow back into the lining of the stomach and release their ova into the gastrointestinal tract. Larvae that infect a host by penetrating the skin migrate to the stomach by first traveling through the lungs, up the trachea, and down the esophagus.
Hookworm infection can be treated with local cryotherapy when the hookworm is still in the skin. [30] Albendazole is effective both in the intestinal stage and during the stage the parasite is still migrating under the skin. [30] In the case of anemia, iron supplementation can cause relief symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia.
In humans, treatment is by anthelminthic medications, such as albendazole and mebendazole. [13] Treatment in animals can be done with a variety of anthelminthics. [1] A high-protein diet, supplemental iron, or a blood transfusion may also be necessary. [1] Levamisole and pyrantel pamoate are also used to treat hookworm anemia and hookworm disease.
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Can be isolated or produced in large numbers; Can be made stable for transport and storage; Easy to administer; While the research is still rudimentary and the treatment is still being studied, helminthic therapy is a viable option as of current due to its lowered cost and seemingly high effectiveness in comparison to other treatments. [43]
Uncinaria stenocephala is a nematode that parasitizes dogs, cats, and foxes as well as humans. It is rare to find in cats in the United States. Uncinaria stenocephala is the most common canine hookworm in cooler regions, such as Canada and the northern regions of the US, where it can be found primarily in foxes (40%). [1]