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Lidar (/ ˈ l aɪ d ɑːr /, also LIDAR, an acronym of "light detection and ranging" [1] or "laser imaging, detection, and ranging" [2]) is a method for determining ranges by targeting an object or a surface with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver.
Geological structure measurement by LiDAR technology is a remote sensing method applied in structural geology. It enables monitoring and characterisation of rock bodies. [ 1 ] This method's typical use is to acquire high resolution structural and deformational data for identifying geological hazards risk, such as assessing rockfall risks or ...
where P(r) is the power of the backscattered radiation received by the lidar telescope in distance r, E is transmitted laser-pulse energy, L is the lidar constant summarizing its optical and detection characteristics, O(r) is the overlap function, [21] and / and / are the aerosol/molecular backscatter- and extinction coefficient respectively.
This allows application in ranging in light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and Radio detection and ranging (Radar) etc. [1] Since the sensors are looking through the atmosphere to reach the target, there are atmospheric absorption. Three main atmospheric windows, which allow penetration of radiation, can be identified. [1]
LIDAR can be used to detect ground surface changes. [10] Vegetation remote sensing is a principal application of LIDAR. [11] Radiometers and photometers are the most common instrument in use, collecting reflected and emitted radiation in a wide range of frequencies. The most common are visible and infrared sensors, followed by microwave, gamma ...
Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI, pronounced / ˈ dʒ ɛ d aɪ /) is a NASA mission to measure how deforestation has contributed to atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. [1] [2] A full-waveform LIDAR was attached to the International Space Station to provide the first global, high-resolution observations of forest vertical structure.
Einstein's theory of gravity (the general theory of relativity) predicts the Moon's orbit to within the accuracy of the laser ranging measurements. [11] [48] Gauge freedom plays a major role in a correct physical interpretation of the relativistic effects in the Earth-Moon system observed with LLR technique. [49]
Geophysical surveys may use a great variety of sensing instruments, and data may be collected from above or below the Earth's surface or from aerial, orbital, or marine platforms. Geophysical surveys have many applications in geology, archaeology, mineral and energy exploration, oceanography, and engineering. Geophysical surveys are used in ...