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The sum of two concave functions is itself concave and so is the pointwise minimum of two concave functions, i.e. the set of concave functions on a given domain form a semifield. Near a strict local maximum in the interior of the domain of a function, the function must be concave; as a partial converse, if the derivative of a strictly concave ...
A 2016 Science paper reports that the trapezoid rule was in use in Babylon before 50 BCE for integrating the velocity of Jupiter along the ecliptic. [1]In 1994, a paper titled "A Mathematical Model for the Determination of Total Area Under Glucose Tolerance and Other Metabolic Curves" was published, only to be met with widespread criticism for rediscovering the Trapezoidal Rule and coining it ...
A related but distinct use of second derivatives is to determine whether a function is concave up or concave down at a point. It does not, however, provide information about inflection points . Specifically, a twice-differentiable function f is concave up if f ″ ( x ) > 0 {\displaystyle f''(x)>0} and concave down if f ″ ( x ) < 0 ...
If the second derivative of a function changes sign, the graph of the function will switch from concave down to concave up, or vice versa. A point where this occurs is called an inflection point. Assuming the second derivative is continuous, it must take a value of zero at any inflection point, although not every point where the second ...
The term convex is often referred to as convex down or concave upward, and the term concave is often referred as concave down or convex upward. [3] [4] [5] If the term "convex" is used without an "up" or "down" keyword, then it refers strictly to a cup shaped graph .
If is concave down in the interval between and , the approximation will be an overestimate (since the derivative is decreasing in that interval). If is concave up, the approximation will be an underestimate. [1]
In mathematics, concavification is the process of converting a non-concave function to a concave function. A related concept is convexification – converting a non-convex function to a convex function. It is especially important in economics and mathematical optimization. [1]
For the graph of a function f of differentiability class C 2 (its first derivative f', and its second derivative f'', exist and are continuous), the condition f'' = 0 can also be used to find an inflection point since a point of f'' = 0 must be passed to change f'' from a positive value (concave upward) to a negative value (concave downward) or ...