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Many animals regularly visit mineral licks to consume clay, supplementing their diet with nutrients and minerals. In tropical bats, lick visitation is associated with a diet based on wild figs (), which have very low levels of sodium, [3] [4] and licks are mostly used by females that are pregnant or lactating.
Large-framed goats, with a greater skeletal size, reach mature weight at a later age (36 to 42 months) than small-framed goats (18 to 24 months) if both are fed to their full potential. Large-framed goats need more calories than small-framed goats for maintenance of daily functions. [41]
Meat goats are farmed in all US states, although most meat goat production occurs in the Southeast. Texas is the primary producer of meat goats, representing 38% of US production. [1] Male goats are generally not required for the dairy-goat industry and are usually slaughtered for meat soon after birth.
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Nickel deficiency depressed growth in goats, pigs, and sheep, and diminished circulating thyroid hormone concentration in rats. [48] Nickel toxicity: Fluorine: There is no evidence that fluorine is essential, but it is beneficial. [6] [49] Research indicates that the primary dental benefit from fluoride occurs at the surface from topical exposure.
Copper hawk bell, from the Pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in Tennessee (US). Archaeological evidence of bells dates back to more than 5000 years ago, from the 3rd millennium BC in Neolithic China. [6] During this era, there is evidence of early forms of pottery cowbells, which were likely used to track goats, sheep, and cattle. [7]
Copper deficiency, or hypocupremia, is defined as insufficient copper to meet the body's needs, or as a serum copper level below the normal range. [1] Symptoms may include fatigue , decreased red blood cells , early greying of the hair, and neurological problems presenting as numbness , tingling, muscle weakness, and ataxia . [ 2 ]
Copper deficiency and toxicity can be either of genetic or non-genetic origin. [8] The study of copper's genetic diseases, which are the focus of intense international research activity, has shed insight into how human bodies use copper, and why it is important as an essential micronutrient. [9]