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Initiatives and referendums—collectively known as "ballot measures", "propositions", or simply "questions"—differ from most legislation passed by representative democracies; ordinarily, an elected legislative body develops and passes laws. Initiatives and referendums, by contrast, allow citizens to vote directly on legislation.
However, 24 states (principally in the West, but also in Eastern states, such as Massachusetts) and many local and city governments provide for referendums and citizen's initiatives. Such state-level referendums, as an example, have resulted in the limitation of property taxes as with California's Proposition 13 and Massachusetts' Proposition ...
Popular initiative or Initiative referendum: A citizen-led process to propose and vote on new laws. Popular referendum: A citizen-led process to oppose and strike down existing laws. Recall referendum: A procedure to remove elected officials before the end of their term of office. Depending on the area and position, a recall may be for a ...
A referendum upholding a law permitting the establishment of daylight saving time [17] Failed [17] 1,402,562 (49.99%) 1,403,052 (50.01%) Proposal 3 (November) An initiative authorizing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of constructing water pollution prevention facilities [17] Passed [17] 1,906,385 (70.54%) 796,079 (29.46%) Proposal 4
Voter referendum: An initiative to remove the MCAS test as requirement to graduate high school. [152] Voter referendum: An initiative to raise the minimum wage for tipped workers. [153] Voter referendum: An initiative to authorize the state auditor to audit the state legislature, and remove some existing regulations regarding the auditing ...
The modern system of initiatives and referendums in the United States originated in the state of South Dakota, which adopted initiatives and referendums in 1898 by a popular vote of 23,816 to 16,483. Oregon was the second state to adopt and did so in 1902, when the Oregon Legislative Assembly adopted it by an overwhelming majority.
A constitutional amendment allowing citizen initiatives to modify multiple parts of the Florida Constitution [116] Passed [117] 1,157,648 (70.86%) 476,165 (29.14%) Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment allowing motor vehicle license fees to be used to fund school construction [116] Passed [117] 1,191,118 (69.15%) 531,520 (30.85%) Amendment 5
The adoption of the initiative and referendum in Oregon in 1902 was widely copied and put in the constitutions of western states, and the system was popularly referred to as the "Oregon system". A leading advocate of direct democracy was William S. U'Ren , who pressed the issue within the Oregon through the Direct Legislation League . [ 9 ]