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Neuroplasticity is the process by which neurons adapt to a disturbance over time, and most often occurs in response to repeated exposure to stimuli. [27] Aerobic exercise increases the production of neurotrophic factors [note 1] (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF) which mediate improvements in cognitive functions and various forms of memory by promoting blood vessel formation in the brain, adult ...
[61] [62] However, acute, short-term exercise has shown to cause an immediate increase cortisol levels due to the stressful nature of the activity. [62] The key point being that consistent exercise over a substantial period of time results in a significantly lower baseline cortisol levels despite the short-term spikes caused by performing the ...
Humans have a high capacity to expend energy for many hours during sustained exertion. For example, one individual cycling at a speed of 26.4 km/h (16.4 mph) through 8,204 km (5,098 mi) over 50 consecutive days expended a total of 1,145 MJ (273,850 kcal; 273,850 dieter calories) with an average power output of 173.8 W. [10]
Longer-term hypertrophy occurs due to more permanent changes in muscle structure. Hirono et al. explained the causes of Muscle swelling: [10] "Muscle swelling occurs as a result of the following: (a) resistance exercise can increase phosphocreatine and hydrogen ion accumulations due to blood lactate and growth hormone production, and
Older adults are aware of the benefits of exercise, but many are not performing the exercise needed to maintain these benefits. [17] Sports science provides a means of allowing older people to regain more physical competence without focusing on doing so for the purposes of anti-aging. [16]
The term "Darwinian fitness" can be used to make clear the distinction with physical fitness. [1] Fitness does not include a measure of survival or life-span; Herbert Spencer 's well-known phrase " survival of the fittest " should be interpreted as: "Survival of the form (phenotypic or genotypic) that will leave the most copies of itself in ...
Aerobic exercise, also known as cardio, is physical exercise [1] of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. [2] " Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", [ 3 ] and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism adequately. [ 4 ]
Despite the common use of the term lactic acid in the literature, the byproduct of fermentation in animal cells is lactate. [21] Another change to the lactic acid hypothesis is that when sodium lactate is inside of the body, there is a higher period of exhaustion in the host after a period of exercise. [22]