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In an optical fiber, the normalized frequency, V (also called the V number), is given by = =, where a is the core radius, λ is the wavelength in vacuum, n 1 is the maximum refractive index of the core, n 2 is the refractive index of the homogeneous cladding, and applying the usual definition of the numerical aperture NA.
When is normalized with reference to the sampling rate as ′ =, the normalized Nyquist angular frequency is π radians/sample. The following table shows examples of normalized frequency for f = 1 {\displaystyle f=1} kHz , f s = 44100 {\displaystyle f_{s}=44100} samples/second (often denoted by 44.1 kHz ), and 4 normalization conventions:
This has the same form as the numerical aperture in other optical systems, so it has become common to define the NA of any type of fiber to be =, where n core is the refractive index along the central axis of the fiber. Note that when this definition is used, the connection between the numerical aperture and the acceptance angle of the fiber ...
However, the dominant mode cutoff frequency can be reduced by the introduction of baffle inside the circular cross-section waveguide. [4] For a single-mode optical fiber, the cutoff wavelength is the wavelength at which the normalized frequency is approximately equal to 2.405.
The optical transfer function of such a system can thus be calculated geometrically from the intersecting area between two identical disks at a distance of , where is the spatial frequency normalized to the highest transmitted frequency. [2] In general the optical transfer function is normalized to a maximum value of one for =, so the resulting ...
An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light [a] from one end to the other. Such fibers find wide usage in fiber-optic communications , where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data transfer rates) than electrical cables.
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