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  2. Ammonium sulfate precipitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate_precipitation

    Ammonium sulfate is an inorganic salt with a high solubility that disassociates into ammonium (NH + 4) and sulfate (SO 2− 4) in aqueous solutions. [1] Ammonium sulfate is especially useful as a precipitant because it is highly soluble, stabilizes protein structure, has a relatively low density, is readily available, and is relatively inexpensive.

  3. Freezing-point depression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression

    Freezing-point depression is a drop in the maximum temperature at which a substance freezes, caused when a smaller amount of another, non-volatile substance is added. Examples include adding salt into water (used in ice cream makers and for de-icing roads), alcohol in water, ethylene or propylene glycol in water (used in antifreeze in cars ...

  4. Lime softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_softening

    Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation.

  5. Antifreeze - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze

    Water pump seal lubricant is also added. Antifreeze was developed to overcome the shortcomings of water as a heat transfer fluid . On the other hand, if the engine coolant gets too hot, it might boil while inside the engine, causing voids (pockets of steam), leading to localized hot spots and the catastrophic failure of the engine.

  6. Water fluoridation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_fluoridation

    For example, Jamaica has just one salt producer, but a complex public water supply; it started fluoridating all salt in 1987, achieving a decline in cavities. Universal salt fluoridation is also practiced in Colombia and the Swiss Canton of Vaud ; in Germany fluoridated salt is widely used in households but unfluoridated salt is also available ...

  7. Water fluoridation by country - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_fluoridation_by_country

    Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay, and is handled differently by countries across the world. [2]Water fluoridation is considered very common in the United States, Canada, Ireland, Chile and Australia where over 50% of the population drinks fluoridated water.

  8. Calcium silicate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_silicate

    Calcium silicates are produced by treating calcium oxide and silica in various ratios. Their formation is relevant to Portland cement. [5]Calcium silicate is a byproduct of the Pidgeon process, a major route to magnesium metal.

  9. Sodium selenite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_selenite

    Selenium is toxic in high concentrations. As sodium selenite, the chronic toxic dose for human beings was described as about 2.4 to 3 milligrams of selenium per day. [7] In 2000, the US Institute of Medicine set the adult Tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for selenium from all sources - food, drinking water and dietary supplements - at 400 μg/day. [8]