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For an N-particle system in three dimensions, a single energy level may correspond to several different wave functions or energy states. These degenerate states at the same level all have an equal probability of being filled. The number of such states gives the degeneracy of a particular energy level. Degenerate states in a quantum system
However, absorption of light of the right photon energy can lift them to a higher energy level. Any light that has too little or too much energy cannot be absorbed and is reflected. The electron in the higher energy level is unstable and will quickly return to its normal lower energy level. To do this, it must release the absorbed energy.
The energy level of the bonding orbitals is lower, and the energy level of the antibonding orbitals is higher. For the bond in the molecule to be stable, the covalent bonding electrons occupy the lower energy bonding orbital, which may be signified by such symbols as σ or π depending on the situation.
The photosynthetic efficiency is the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in green plants and algae. Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2
A degenerate mass whose fermions have velocities close to the speed of light (particle kinetic energy larger than its rest mass energy) is called relativistic degenerate matter. The concept of degenerate stars , stellar objects composed of degenerate matter, was originally developed in a joint effort between Arthur Eddington , Ralph Fowler and ...
Again consider a group of N atoms, this time with each atom able to exist in any of three energy states, levels 1, 2 and 3, with energies E 1, E 2, and E 3, and populations N 1, N 2, and N 3, respectively. Assume E 1 < E 2 < E 3; that is, the energy of level 2 lies between that of the ground state and level 3.
The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants relative to the products. If donor and acceptor (the reactants) are of higher free energy than the reaction products, the electron transfer may occur spontaneously. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ("free") to do work.
The faster reactions involve the transfer of an electron from BPh − (BPh − is oxidized to BPh) to the electron acceptor quinone (Q A), and the transfer of an electron to P960 + (P960 + is reduced to P960) from a heme in the cytochrome subunit above the reaction center. The high-energy electron that resides on the tightly bound quinone ...