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The lipid-anchored protein can be located on either side of the cell membrane. Thus, the lipid serves to anchor the protein to the cell membrane. [1] [2] They are a type of proteolipids. The lipid groups play a role in protein interaction and can contribute to the function of the protein to which it is attached. [2]
Adherens junctions are composed of the following proteins: [4] cadherins. The cadherins are a family of transmembrane proteins that form homodimers in a calcium-dependent manner with other cadherin molecules on adjacent cells. p120 (sometimes called delta catenin) binds the juxtamembrane region of the cadherin.
Schematic representation of transmembrane proteins: 1) a single-pass membrane protein 2) a multipass membrane protein (α-helix) 3) a multipass membrane protein β-sheet. The membrane is represented in light yellow. A transmembrane protein is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane.
Depiction of the transmembrane proteins that make up tight junctions: occludin, claudins, and JAM proteins. Occludin was the first integral membrane protein to be identified. It has a molecular weight of ~60kDa. It consists of four transmembrane domains and both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of the protein are intracellular.
In 2008, 150 unique structures of membrane proteins were available, [14] and by 2019 only 50 human membrane proteins had had their structures elucidated. [13] In contrast, approximately 25% of all proteins are membrane proteins. [15] Their hydrophobic surfaces make structural and especially functional characterization difficult.
Intermediate filaments composed of keratin or desmin are attached to membrane-associated attachment proteins that form a dense plaque on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. Cadherin molecules form the actual anchor by attaching to the cytoplasmic plaque, extending through the membrane and binding strongly to cadherins coming through the ...
Principal interactions of structural proteins at cadherin-based adherens junction. Actin filaments are linked to α-actinin and to the membrane through vinculin. The head domain of vinculin is associated with E-cadherin via α-, β-, and γ-catenins. The tail domain of vinculin binds to membrane lipids and to actin filaments.
Armadillo proteins are involved in mediating attachment to intracellular filaments and cell membrane proteins. Armadillo proteins consist of β-catenin, p120-catenin, plakoglobin , and plakophilins 1-3. In desmosomes, plakoglobin and plakophilin help to anchor desmoplakin and keratin filaments to the desmosome structure.