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1962 Nick Holonyak Jr. develops the first practical visible-spectrum (red) light-emitting diode. 1963 Kurt Schmidt invents the first high pressure sodium-vapor lamp. [18] 1972 M. George Craford invents the first yellow light-emitting diode. 1972 Herbert Paul Maruska and Jacques Pankove create the first violet light-emitting diode.
1878 – Thomas Edison, following work on a "multiplex telegraph" system and the phonograph, invents an improved incandescent light bulb. This was not the first electric light bulb but the first commercially practical incandescent light. In 1879 he produces a high-resistance lamp in a very high vacuum; the lamp lasts hundreds of hours. While ...
The early writers discussed here treated vision more as a geometrical than as a physical, physiological, or psychological problem. The first known author of a treatise on geometrical optics was the geometer Euclid (c. 325 BC–265 BC).
The history of street lighting in the United States is closely linked to the urbanization of America. Artificial illumination has stimulated commercial activity at night, and has been tied to the country's economic development, including major innovations in transportation, particularly the growth in automobile use. [ 1 ]
A 1740 map of Paris. Ortelius World Map, 1570. Historical geography is the branch of geography that studies the ways in which geographic phenomena have changed over time. [1] In its modern form, it is a synthesizing discipline which shares both topical and methodological similarities with history, anthropology, ecology, geology, environmental studies, literary studies, and other fields.
Local history – study of history in a geographically local context; Military history – study of warfare and wars in history; Naval history – branch of military history devoted to warfare at sea or in bodies of water; Paleography – study of ancient texts; Philosophy of history – philosophical study of history and its discipline.
In 1804–09 Winsor was granted various patents for gas furnaces and, application to Parliament for a charter for the Gas Light and Coke Company having failed, he once more moved to France, but unlike the success he had in United Kingdom in Paris his company in made little progress and was liquidated in 1819. The distilling retort Winsor used ...
The measurements of speed of light are also mentioned only to the minimum extent, i.e. when they proved for the first time that c is finite and invariant. Innovations like the use of Foucault's rotating mirror or the Fizeau wheel are not listed here – see the article about speed of light. This timeline also ignores, for reasons of volume and ...