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The three short syllables in reliquiās do not fit into dactylic hexameter because of the dactyl's limit of two short syllables so the first syllable is lengthened by adding another l. However, the pronunciation was often not written with double ll , and may have been the normal way of pronouncing a word starting in rel- rather than a poetic ...
(×) = extrametrical syllable. Line 7 (above) also features an initial reversal, and potentially a mid-line reversal. Other potential initial reversals occur in lines 6, 8, and 13, while potential mid-line reversals occur in lines 9 and 11. The meter demands that line 6's "blessèd" is pronounced as two syllables. [2]
In words of two syllables, stress falls on the first syllable of the word (the penult, or second from the end): e.g., bó.nus, cír.cus. In words of three or more syllables, stress falls either on the penult or the antepenult (third from the end), according to these criteria:
An example is in this hendecasyllable (11-syllable line) by Garcilaso de la Vega: Los cabellos que al oro oscurecían. The hair that endarkened the gold. The words que and al form one syllable in counting them because of synalepha. The same thing happens with -ro and os-and so the line has eleven syllables (syllable boundaries are shown by a dot):
XAXA – Four lines, two unrhymed (X) and two with the same end rhyme (A) Other notation examples: Indicating the number of stressed syllables in certain lines: AA 4 B 2 CC 4 or AA 4 B 2 CC 4; Some publications use lowercase or have punctuation to separate lines or stanzas, e.g. abba cdcd or a-b-b-a,c-d-c-d.
There exists synizesis in the ending of “Πηληϊάδεω”, with the -εω final two syllables being condensed into one. [16] This allows the resultant syllable to be read as the long syllable of a dactyl in “-ε͡ω Ἀχι-.” However, beyond merely being necessary to form the dactyl, this synizesis may be a conscious and intentional ...
A phonetic complement is a phonetic symbol used to disambiguate word characters (logograms) that have multiple readings, in mixed logographic-phonetic scripts such as Egyptian hieroglyphs, Akkadian cuneiform, Linear B, Japanese, and Mayan. Often they disambiguate an ideogram by spelling out the first or last syllable of the word; occasionally (as in Linear B) they may instead abbreviate an ...
Conversely, the letter x can produce the consonant clusters /ks/ (annex), /gz/ (exist), /kʃ/ (sexual), or /gʒ/ (some pronunciations of "luxury"). It is worth noting that x often produces sounds in two different syllables (following the general principle of saturating the subsequent syllable before assigning sounds to the preceding syllable).