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Urinary tract infection in pediatric patients is a significant clinical issue, affecting approximately 7% of fevered infants and children. [43] If left untreated, the infection can ascend from the bladder to the kidneys, resulting in acute pyelonephritis, which leads to hypertension, kidney scarring, and end-stage kidney disease. [44]
The evidence that preventive antibiotics decrease urinary tract infections in children is poor. [72] However recurrent UTIs are a rare cause of further kidney problems if there are no underlying abnormalities of the kidneys, resulting in less than a third of a percent (0.33%) of chronic kidney disease in adults. [73]
Nitrofurantoin, sold under the brand name Macrobid among others, is an antibacterial medication of the nitrofuran class used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), although it is not as effective for kidney infections. [16] It is taken by mouth. [16] Common side effects include nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and headaches. [16]
Fosfomycin, sold under the brand name Monurol among others, is an antibiotic primarily used to treat lower urinary tract infections. [8] It is not indicated for kidney infections. [8] Occasionally it is used for prostate infections. [8] It is generally taken by mouth. [8]
Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections. [1] Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers' diarrhea. [1] With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS. [1] [2] It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth). [1]
It is used to treat urinary tract infections, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections, travelers' diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, and cholera, among others. [2] [7] It is used both to treat and prevent pneumocystis pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in people with HIV/AIDS and other causes of immunosuppression. [2]