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Typically, these manic episodes can last at least 7 days for most of each day to the extent that the individual may need medical attention, while the depressive episodes last at least 2 weeks. [ 3 ] It is a type of bipolar disorder and conforms to the classic concept of manic-depressive illness, which can include psychosis during mood episodes.
People with this diagnosis accounted for about 20 percent of psychiatric hospitalizations in one survey. [44] The majority of BPD patients continue to use outpatient treatment in a sustained manner for several years, but the number using the more restrictive and costly forms of treatment, such as inpatient admission, declines with time. [45]
The Treatment and Research Advancements National Association for Personality Disorders (TARA-APD) campaigned unsuccessfully to change the name and designation of BPD in DSM-5, published in May 2013, in which the name "borderline personality disorder" remains unchanged and it is not considered a trauma- and stressor-related disorder.
[99] [100] [101] A key difference between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder is the nature of the mood swings; in contrast to the sustained changes to mood over days to weeks or longer, those of the latter condition (more accurately called emotional dysregulation) are sudden and often short-lived, and secondary to social ...
Benzodiazepines are a group of anti-anxiety medications that make people feel calm, relaxed, or sleepy. [146] They are recommended for short-term treatment of severe anxiety, panic, or insomnia. Some authors believe that the use of benzodiazepines is contraindicated for acute stress, as this group of drugs can cause dissociation. [147]
Neuroscience research suggests that individuals with borderline personality disorder process emotional experiences through aberrant neural pathways in the brain. They are less likely to use pathways involving higher-level cortical regions responsible for episodic memory , integration, verbalization, mood regulation, and perspective-taking.
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