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Kidney stones are primarily composed of calcium salts, with the most common being calcium oxalate (70-80%), followed by calcium phosphate and uric acid. When urine contains high concentrations of these ions, they can form crystals and eventually stones. [41] The formation of kidney stones occurs in three main phases: [41]
A “silent” UTI is a condition in which bacteria is found in the urine during a urine culture, yet the patient is not experiencing any of the classic UTI symptoms.
After detecting and confirming hematuria with urinalysis and urine microscopy, the first step in evaluation of microhematuria is to rule out benign causes. [15] Benign causes include urinary tract infection, viral illness, kidney stone, recent intense exercise, menses, recent trauma, or recent urological procedure. [15]
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract. [1] Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder ( cystitis ) or urethra ( urethritis ) while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney ( pyelonephritis ). [ 10 ]
The presence of hematuria, or blood in the urine, may indicate acute UTIs, kidney disease, kidney stones, inflammation of the prostate (in men), endometriosis (in women), or cancer of the urinary tract. In some cases, blood in the urine results from athletic training, particularly in runners. [citation needed]
Other causes of microscopic hematuria include UTI, kidney stones, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and trauma to the urinary tract. [101] [146] Kidney diseases that affect the glomerulus can cause microscopic hematuria, in which case it is referred to as glomerular hematuria. [146]