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Women in Plymouth, England, parting from their lovers who are about to be transported to Botany Bay, 1792. Penal transportation (or simply transportation) was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination.
This convict transportation began in 1718 following the passing of a Transportation Act by the British Parliament in 1717. The transportation continued until 1775, when the American Revolutionary War halted the practice. Also, Ekirch explores the various roles played by England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland in this convict trade. [1] [3]
Many colonists in British North America resented convict transportation. As early as 1683, Pennsylvania's colonial legislature attempted to bar felons from being introduced within its borders. [46] Benjamin Franklin called convict transportation "an insult and contempt, the cruellest, that ever one people offered to another."
Over the 80 years of transportation, between 1788 and 1868, 608 convict ships transported more than 162,000 convicts to Australia. [ 4 ] Following serious outbreaks of disease with high mortality rates on board some early convict ship voyages, from 1801 voyages were subject to more strict regulation by the British government in terms of ...
Convicts would be transported by private companies and sold by auction to plantation owners. Between 1718 and 1776, it is estimated that 30,000-50,000 convicts were transported for penal labor to at least nine of the continental colonies.
She held convicts awaiting transportation to Norfolk Island and Moreton Bay. One source claims she was Australia's first prison hulk. [28] Vernon (1867–1892) and Sobraon (1892–1911) – the latter officially a "nautical school ship" – were anchored in Sydney Harbour. The commander of the two ships, Frederick Neitenstein (1850–1921 ...
The Piracy Act 1717 (4 Geo. 1.c. 11), sometimes called the Transportation Act 1717 or the Felons' Act 1717 (1718 in New Style [2]), [3] was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that established a regulated, bonded system to transport criminals to colonies in North America for indentured service, as a punishment for those convicted or attainted in Great Britain, excluding Scotland.
This made them convenient temporary holding quarters for convicts awaiting transportation to Australia and other penal colonies within the British Empire. In 1798 the hulks held more than 1,400 out of about 1,900 people waiting for transportation to Australia.