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No charge is enclosed by the sphere. Electric flux through its surface is zero. Gauss's law may be expressed as: [6] = where Φ E is the electric flux through a closed surface S enclosing any volume V, Q is the total charge enclosed within V, and ε 0 is the electric constant.
Hence, units of electric flux are, in the MKS system, newtons per coulomb times meters squared, or N m 2 /C. (Electric flux density is the electric flux per unit area, and is a measure of strength of the normal component of the electric field averaged over the area of integration. Its units are N/C, the same as the electric field in MKS units.)
For simplicity in calculations it is often convenient to consider a surface perpendicular to the flux lines. If the electric field is uniform, the electric flux passing through a surface of vector area A is = = , where E is the electric field (having the unit V/m), E is its magnitude, A is the area of the surface, and θ is the angle between ...
A cylindrical Gaussian surface is commonly used to calculate the electric charge of an infinitely long, straight, 'ideal' wire. A Gaussian surface is a closed surface in three-dimensional space through which the flux of a vector field is calculated; usually the gravitational field, electric field, or magnetic field. [1]
In a well-known example, the flux of electric charge is the electric current density. Illustration of how the fluxes, or flux densities, j 1 and j 2 of a quantity q pass through open surfaces S 1 and S 2. (vectors S 1 and S 2 represent vector areas that can be differentiated into infinitesimal area elements).
The net flux of heat through a system equals the conductivity times the rate of change of temperature with respect to position. For convective transport involving turbulent flow, complex geometries, or difficult boundary conditions, the heat transfer may be represented by a heat transfer coefficient.
In physics, the electric displacement field (denoted by D), also called electric flux density, is a vector field that appears in Maxwell's equations. It accounts for the electromagnetic effects of polarization and that of an electric field , combining the two in an auxiliary field .
= = , where is the net electric flux passing through the surface, is the charge enclosed in the Gaussian surface, is the electric field vector at a given point on the surface, and is a differential area vector on the Gaussian surface.