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  2. Set (abstract data type) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)

    Python has built-in set and frozenset types since 2.4, and since Python 3.0 and 2.7, supports non-empty set literals using a curly-bracket syntax, e.g.: {x, y, z}; empty sets must be created using set(), because Python uses {} to represent the empty dictionary.

  3. Empty set - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set

    As a result, the empty set is the unique initial object of the category of sets and functions. The empty set can be turned into a topological space, called the empty space, in just one way: by defining the empty set to be open. This empty topological space is the unique initial object in the category of topological spaces with continuous maps.

  4. Multiset - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset

    For example, the number 120 has the prime factorization =, which gives the multiset {2, 2, 2, 3, 5}. A related example is the multiset of solutions of an algebraic equation. A quadratic equation, for example, has two solutions. However, in some cases they are both the same number.

  5. Training, validation, and test data sets - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training,_validation,_and...

    A training data set is a data set of examples used during the learning process and is used to fit the parameters (e.g., weights) of, for example, a classifier. [9] [10]For classification tasks, a supervised learning algorithm looks at the training data set to determine, or learn, the optimal combinations of variables that will generate a good predictive model. [11]

  6. Search data structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_data_structure

    For example, the key may be a geographic position (latitude and longitude) on the Earth. In that case, common kinds of queries are "find the record with a key closest to a given point v", or "find all items whose key lies at a given distance from v", or "find all items within a specified region R of the space".

  7. Null set - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_set

    Every finite or countably infinite subset of the real numbers ⁠ ⁠ is a null set. For example, the set of natural numbers ⁠ ⁠, the set of rational numbers ⁠ ⁠ and the set of algebraic numbers ⁠ ⁠ are all countably infinite and therefore are null sets when considered as subsets of the real numbers.

  8. Partition problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_problem

    Given such an instance, construct an instance of Partition in which the input set contains the original set plus two elements: z 1 and z 2, with z 1 = sum(S) and z 2 = 2T. The sum of this input set is sum(S) + z 1 + z 2 = 2 sum(S) + 2T, so the target sum for Partition is sum(S) + T. Suppose there exists a solution S′ to the SubsetSum instance

  9. 3-partition problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-partition_problem

    For each triplet t = {w i,x j,y k} in E, the set A contains an element u t = 10r 4-kr 3-jr 2-ir. For each triplet t = {w i,x j,y k} in E, the set B contains w it, C contains x jt, and D contains y kt. So for each of w i, x j, y k, there may be many corresponding elements in B, C, D - one for each triplet in which they appear. We consider one of ...