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Vitamin K 2 or menaquinone (MK) (/ ˌ m ɛ n ə ˈ k w ɪ n oʊ n /) is one of three types of vitamin K, the other two being vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone) and K 3 . K 2 is both a tissue and bacterial product (derived from vitamin K 1 in both cases) and is usually found in animal products or fermented foods .
Vitamin K deficiency; Specialty: Endocrinology Symptoms: bruising, petechiae, hematomas, oozing of blood at surgical or puncture sites, stomach pains, cartilage calcification, and severe malformation of developing bone or deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the walls of arteries. Causes: insufficient dietary vitamin K 1 or vitamin K 2 or ...
Calcification of soft tissue (arteries, cartilage, heart valves, [1] [2] etc.) can be caused by vitamin K 2 deficiency or by poor calcium absorption due to a high calcium/vitamin D ratio. This can occur with or without a mineral imbalance. A common misconception is that calcification is caused by excess amount of calcium in diet. Dietary ...
Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
Calcium carbonate saturation can be determined using the following equation: Ω = ([Ca 2+][CO 3 2−])/K sp. where the numerator ([Ca 2+][CO 3 2−]) denotes the concentration of calcium and carbonate ions and the denominator (K sp) refers to the mineral (solid) phase stoichiometric solubility product of calcium carbonate. [8]
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is member of a family of vitamin K 2 dependent, Gla-containing proteins. MGP has a high affinity binding to calcium ions, similar to other Gla-containing proteins. The protein acts as an inhibitor of vascular mineralization and plays a role in bone organization. [5] [6]