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The tables below present an example of an artificial seawater (35.00‰ of salinity) preparation devised by Kester, Duedall, Connors and Pytkowicz (1967). [1] The recipe consists of two lists of mineral salts, the first of anhydrous salts that can be weighed out, the second of hydrous salts that should be added to the artificial seawater as a solution.
The following formulas can be used to calculate the volumes of solute (V solute) and solvent (V solvent) to be used: [1] = = where V total is the desired total volume, and F is the desired dilution factor number (the number in the position of F if expressed as "1/F dilution factor" or "xF dilution"). However, some solutions and mixtures take up ...
Water conditioners are formulations designed to be added to tap water before its use in an aquarium. [1] [2] If the tap water is chlorinated then a simple conditioner containing a dechlorinator may be used. These products contain sodium thiosulfate which reduces chlorine to chloride which is less harmful to fish.
By far the most frequently used products are formulations for mixing with water then applying as sprays. Water miscible, older formulations include: EC Emulsifiable concentrate; WP Wettable powder; SL Soluble (liquid) concentrate; SP Soluble powder; Newer, non-powdery formulations with reduced or no use of hazardous solvents and improved ...
Example Bjerrum plot: Change in carbonate system of seawater from ocean acidification.. A Bjerrum plot (named after Niels Bjerrum), sometimes also known as a Sillén diagram (after Lars Gunnar Sillén), or a Hägg diagram (after Gunnar Hägg) [1] is a graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution, as a function of pH, [2] when the solution is at ...
They can be used to calculate mixed ion activity coefficients and water activities in solutions of high ionic strength for which the Debye–Hückel theory is no longer adequate. They are more rigorous than the equations of specific ion interaction theory (SIT theory), but Pitzer parameters are more difficult to determine experimentally than ...
Sour cream is another milk substitute similar to yogurt, and it even has the added benefit of tenderizing baked goods (like cake, muffins or quick breads). Keep in mind, though, that it will add a ...
The difference between the corresponding date and the collection date of the seawater sample is the average age for the water parcel. [71] The age of a parcel of water can also be calculated using the ratio of two CFC partial pressures or the ratio of the SF 6 partial pressure to a CFC partial pressure. [71]