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While not derived as a Riemann sum, taking the average of the left and right Riemann sums is the trapezoidal rule and gives a trapezoidal sum. It is one of the simplest of a very general way of approximating integrals using weighted averages. This is followed in complexity by Simpson's rule and Newton–Cotes formulas.
A function F(x) is an h-antiderivative of f(x) if D h F(x) = f(x).The h-integral is denoted by ().If a and b differ by an integer multiple of h then the definite integral () is given by a Riemann sum of f(x) on the interval [a, b], partitioned into sub-intervals of equal width h.
Riemannian geometry is the branch of differential geometry that studies Riemannian manifolds, defined as smooth manifolds with a Riemannian metric (an inner product on the tangent space at each point that varies smoothly from point to point).
One popular restriction is the use of "left-hand" and "right-hand" Riemann sums. In a left-hand Riemann sum, t i = x i for all i, and in a right-hand Riemann sum, t i = x i + 1 for all i. Alone this restriction does not impose a problem: we can refine any partition in a way that makes it a left-hand or right-hand sum by subdividing it at each t i.
For instance, in contrast to the behavior of finite sums, rearranging the terms of an infinite series may result in convergence to a different number (see the article on the Riemann rearrangement theorem for further discussion). An example of a convergent series is a geometric series which forms the basis of one of Zeno's famous paradoxes:
The Riemann problem is very useful for the understanding of equations like Euler conservation equations because all properties, such as shocks and rarefaction waves, appear as characteristics in the solution. It also gives an exact solution to some complex nonlinear equations, such as the Euler equations.
Thus this is a doubly improper integral. Integrated, say, from 1 to 3, an ordinary Riemann sum suffices to produce a result of π /6. To integrate from 1 to ∞, a Riemann sum is not possible. However, any finite upper bound, say t (with t > 1), gives a well-defined result, 2 arctan(√ t) − π/2.
In real analysis, the Darboux integral is constructed using Darboux sums and is one possible definition of the integral of a function.Darboux integrals are equivalent to Riemann integrals, meaning that a function is Darboux-integrable if and only if it is Riemann-integrable, and the values of the two integrals, if they exist, are equal. [1]