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Accent refers to a specific system of pronunciation. Idiolect refers to the variety that is used by an individual speaker. Register or style refer to a variety that is used in a particular setting or for a particular purpose. Standard language is a variety promoted by some social group, either officially or unofficially, as the preferred form.
Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) is a highly lexicalized, constraint-based grammar [1] [2] developed by Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is a type of phrase structure grammar , as opposed to a dependency grammar , and it is the immediate successor to generalized phrase structure grammar .
Halliday describes his grammar as built on the work of Saussure, Louis Hjelmslev, [4] Malinowski, J.R. Firth, and the Prague school linguists. In addition, he drew on the work of the American anthropological linguists Boas, Sapir and Whorf. His "main inspiration" was Firth, to whom he owes, among other things, the notion of language as system. [5]
Hans-Jörg Schmid’s "Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization" Model offers a comprehensive recent summary approach to usage-based thinking. [19] In great detail and with reference to many sub-disciplines and concepts in linguistics he shows how usage mediates between entrenchment, the establishment of linguistic habits in individuals via repetition and associations, and conventionalization, a ...
Principles and parameters is a framework within generative linguistics in which the syntax of a natural language is described in accordance with general principles (i.e. abstract rules or grammars) and specific parameters (i.e. markers, switches) that for particular languages are either turned on or off.
Additionally, formal rules can be applied outside of logic or mathematics to human language, treating it as a mathematical formal system with a formal grammar. [ 27 ] A characteristic stance of formalist approaches is the primacy of form (like syntax ), and the conception of language as a system in isolation from the outer world.
While targeting "English language students and researchers" (p. 45), an abridged version of the grammar was released in 2002, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, together with a workbook entitled Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English Workbook, to be used by students on university and teacher-training courses.