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Spread spectrum generally makes use of a sequential noise-like signal structure to spread the normally narrowband information signal over a relatively wideband (radio) band of frequencies. The receiver correlates the received signals to retrieve the original information signal.
Consider a radar with a constant interval between pulses; target reflections appear at a relatively constant range related to the flight-time of the pulse. In today's very crowded radio spectrum, there may be many other pulses detected by the receiver, either directly from the transmitter or as reflections from elsewhere.
where =, being the sensitivity of the frequency modulator and being the amplitude of the modulating signal or baseband signal. In this equation, f ( τ ) {\displaystyle f(\tau )\,} is the instantaneous frequency of the oscillator and f Δ {\displaystyle f_{\Delta }\,} is the frequency deviation , which represents the maximum shift away from f c ...
The CI de-spreader performs an inverse-DFT on the spread symbols to recover the original data symbols. CI-OFDM Transmitter and Receiver. Since CI coding can shape the time-domain characteristics of the transmitted waveform, it can be used to synthesize various waveforms, such as direct-sequence spread spectrum [2] and frequency shift key [3] [4
The sensitivity of an electronic device, such as a communications system receiver, or detection device, such as a PIN diode, is the minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce a specified output signal having a specified signal-to-noise ratio, or other specified criteria. In general, it is the signal level required for a particular ...
Detectors may be as simple as an "envelope" detector for amplitude modulation, or may be more complex circuits for more recently developed techniques such as frequency-hopping spread spectrum. While not fundamental to a receiver, automatic gain control is a great convenience to the user, since it automatically compensates for changing received ...
The transmitter and receiver can use fixed tables of frequency-hopping patterns, so that once synchronized they can maintain communication by following the table. In the US, FCC part 15 on unlicensed spread spectrum systems in the 902–928 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands permits more power than is allowed for non-spread-spectrum systems. Both FHSS and ...
Because of the mistaken belief in some quarters of the spread spectrum community that little could be gained from receivers more sophisticated than the single-user matched filter, multiuser detection did not start developing until the early 1980s. [4]