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Subsea valves are used in sub-marine environments, which can range in depth from shallow water (usually down to a depth of 75 meters) to deep water (down to 3500 meters). [1] Various industries use subsea valves, with the oil and gas sector accounting for the majority, where there is a need to move material from, to, or below the seabed.
Sub-systems of Subsea trees, might also be further customized to fit individual well needs. Subsea trees may range in size and weight from a few tons to approximately 70 tons for high pressure, deepwater (deeper than 3,000 ft or 910 m) guidelineless applications. Subsea trees contain many additional valves and accessories compared to surface trees.
SS – subsea, as in a datum of depth, e.g. TVDSS (true vertical depth subsea) [citation needed] SSCC – sulphide stress corrosion cracking; SSCP – subsea cryogenic pipeline; SSCS – subsea control system; SSD – sub-sea level depth (in metres or feet, positive value in downwards direction with respect to the geoid [citation needed])
Tilting-disc inconel check valve Check valve symbol on piping and instrumentation diagrams.The arrow shows the flow direction. Vertical lift check valve. A check valve, non-return valve, reflux valve, retention valve, foot valve, or one-way valve is a valve that normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction.
Subsea technology involves fully submerged ocean equipment, operations, or applications, especially when some distance offshore, in deep ocean waters, or on the seabed. The term subsea is frequently used in connection with oceanography, marine or ocean engineering, ocean exploration, remotely operated vehicle (ROVs) autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), submarine communications or power ...
A submarine pipeline (also known as marine, subsea or offshore pipeline) is a pipeline that is laid on the seabed or below it inside a trench. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In some cases, the pipeline is mostly on-land but in places it crosses water expanses, such as small seas, straits and rivers. [ 3 ]
A back-to-back station has no transmission line and joins two separate AC grids at a single point. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves (now also obsolete), thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.
Diagram of floating production storage and offloading unit FPSO OSX #1 at Rio de Janeiro Coast FPSO Mystras at work off the shore of Nigeria FPSO Crystal Ocean moored at the Port of Melbourne The circular FPSO Sevan Voyageur moored at Nymo yard at Eydehavn, Norway FPSO Firenze moored at Hellenic Shipyards, 2007 FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage, Offloading), Welplaathaven, Port of Rotterdam ...