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Bainite is a plate-like microstructure that forms in steels at temperatures of 125–550 °C (depending on alloy content). [1] First described by E. S. Davenport and Edgar Bain, [2] [3] it is one of the products that may form when austenite (the face-centered cubic crystal structure of iron) is cooled past a temperature where it is no longer thermodynamically stable with respect to ferrite ...
If a low-carbon steel is only stressed to some point between the upper and lower yield point then the surface develops Lüder bands. [7] Low-carbon steels contain less carbon than other steels and are easier to cold-form, making them easier to handle. [3] Typical applications of low carbon steel are car parts, pipes, construction, and food cans ...
If a low-hardenability steel is quenched, a significant amount of austenite will be retained in the microstructure, leaving the steel with internal stresses that leave the product prone to sudden fracture. As austenite cools, its decomposition plays a crucial role in determining the final microstructure of steel.
The carbon diffusion during the formation of pearlite, just ahead of the growth front, is critical in determining the thickness of the lamellae and, consequently, the strength of the steel. [5] Bainite is a similar structure with lamellae much smaller than the wavelength of visible light and thus lacks this pearlescent appearance. It is ...
Virtually generated microstructure of dual-phase steel. [1]Dual-phase steel (DP steel) is a high-strength steel that has a ferritic–martensitic microstructure. DP steels are produced from low or medium carbon steels that are quenched from a temperature above A 1 but below A 3 determined from continuous cooling transformation diagram.
For a eutectoid steel (0.76% C), between 6 and 10% of austenite, called retained austenite, will remain. The percentage of retained austenite increases from insignificant for less than 0.6% C steel, to 13% retained austenite at 0.95% C and 30–47% retained austenite for a 1.4% carbon steel. A very rapid quench is essential to create martensite.
Carbon steel, composed simply of iron and carbon, accounts for 90% of steel production. [5] Low alloy steel is alloyed with other elements, usually molybdenum, manganese, chromium, or nickel, in amounts of up to 10% by weight to improve the hardenability of thick sections. [5]
This process is mainly suited for low-carbon steel. The material is heated up to a temperature just below the lower critical temperature of steel. Cold-worked steel normally tends to possess increased hardness and decreased ductility, making it difficult to work. Process annealing tends to improve these characteristics.