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Moral absolutism is not the same as moral universalism. Universalism holds merely that what is right or wrong is independent of custom or opinion (as opposed to moral relativism), [3] but not necessarily that what is right or wrong is sometimes independent of context or consequences (as in absolutism).
Meta-ethical moral relativism holds that moral judgments contain an (implicit or explicit) indexical such that, to the extent they are truth-apt, their truth-value changes with context of use. [1] [2] Normative moral relativism holds that everyone ought to tolerate the behavior of others even when large disagreements about morality exist. [3]
Moral relativism encompasses the differences in moral judgments among people and cultures. [3] Epistemic relativism holds that there are no absolute principles regarding normative belief, justification, or rationality, and that there are only relative ones. [4]
Depending on the variety of moral relativism, these statements may be indexed to a particular society (i.e., cultural relativism, when I say stealing is wrong, it is only true if stealing is not acceptable in my culture), or indexed to an individual (individualistic relativism). [14] Furthermore, moral relativism is the view where an actor's ...
Graded absolutism is a theory of moral absolutism (in Christian ethics) which resolves the objection to absolutism (i.e., in moral conflicts, we are obligated to opposites). Moral absolutism is the ethical view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong regardless of other contexts such as their consequences or the intentions behind them.
Graded absolutism – Theory of moral absolutism in Christian ethics; Illegalism; Moral relativism – Philosophical positions about the differences in moral judgments across peoples and cultures; The Philosophy of Freedom – Philosophical treatise by Rudolf Steiner; Pragmatic ethics – Theory of normative philosophical ethics and meta-ethics
In philosophy, universality or absolutism is the idea that universal facts exist and can be progressively discovered, as opposed to relativism, which asserts that all facts are relative to one's perspective. [1] [2] Absolutism and relativism have been explored at length in contemporary analytic philosophy.
"Absolutism" is often philosophically contrasted with moral relativism, which is a belief that moral truths are relative to social, cultural, historical or personal references, and to situational ethics, which holds that the morality of an act depends on the context of the act.