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These increase BBB T-cell permeability, specially in the case of MMP-9 [60] and are supposedly related to the mechanism of action of interferons. [ 70 ] Whether BBB dysfunction is the cause or the consequence of MS [ 71 ] is disputed, because activated T-Cells can cross a healthy BBB when they express adhesion proteins. [ 72 ]
In the United states, natalizumab is indicated for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. [1] [9] It is indicated to treat clinically isolated syndrome – a single, first occurrence of multiple sclerosis symptoms; relapsing-remitting disease – a type of multiple sclerosis that occurs when people have episodes of new neurological symptoms followed by periods of stability ...
Glatiramer acetate, sold under the brand name Copaxone among others, is an immunomodulator medication used to treat multiple sclerosis. [1] [2] Glatiramer acetate is approved in the United States to reduce the frequency of relapses, but not for reducing the progression of disability.
Other prodrugs that metabolize to monomethyl fumarate have been developed to treat relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis, including diroximel fumarate which was approved by the FDA in October 2019. [28] [29] [30] The precise mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate is not clear.
The first S1P receptor modulator available on the market was fingolimod. Fingolimod was approved and released on the market in USA in 2010 as an anti-multiple sclerosis drug. [11] Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the neurons of the central nervous system and degrade the myelin that protect them. [12]
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease resulting in damage to the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. [3] As a demyelinating disease , MS disrupts the nervous system's ability to transmit signals , resulting in a range of signs and symptoms , including physical, mental , and sometimes psychiatric problems.
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