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[6] [7] [8] These tutorial articles remain useful today, but the primary reference for usage is the 1927 Abney Level Handbook. [3] The Abney level is typically used at the eye height of the surveyor, either hand-held or mounted on a staff at that height. To measure lines on a particular slope, the desired angle or grade is first set on the ...
A half-circle protractor marked in degrees (180°). A protractor is a measuring instrument, typically made of transparent plastic, for measuring angles. Some protractors are simple half-discs or full circles. More advanced protractors, such as the bevel protractor, have one or two swinging arms, which can be used to help measure the angle.
In the paint and coating industries, paint adhesion testing is often used to determine if the paint or coating will adhere properly to the substrates to which they are applied. Several tests measure the resistance of paints and coatings from substrates: cross-cut test, scrape adhesion, pull-off test , and others.
Both apparatus types have an adjustable drawing-head with rules attached to a protractor scale so that the angle of the rules may be adjusted. [6]: 35–36 A drafting machine allows easy drawing of parallel lines over the paper. The adjustable angle between the rulers allows the lines to be drawn in varying accurate angles.
The ability to gauge thickness measurement without requiring access to both sides of the test piece, offers this technology a multitude of possible applications. Paint thickness gauges, ultrasonic coating thickness gauges, digital thickness gauges and many more options are available to test plastics, glass, ceramics, metal and other materials.
Drawdown cards are used for testing paints and coatings through wet film preparation.. Black and white cards are used to measure both opacity and contrast ratio.By measuring reflectance values of both parts of the card one can gain a quantitative opacity value of a paint sample.
Paint and other coatings that are on slanted or vertical surfaces tend to sag when first applied. The thickness of the coating as well as the composition and viscosity will affect the overall sagging and conversely the sag resistance. In order to find the sag resistance of a coating a simple test is used.
(This is an unimportant restriction since, using a multi-step procedure, a distance can be transferred even with a collapsing compass; see compass equivalence theorem. Note however that whilst a non-collapsing compass held against a straightedge might seem to be equivalent to marking it, the neusis construction is still impermissible and this ...