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Hence, the TVS has provided a template for migraine pathophysiology and target for drug discovery. The history of some discoveries re the TV System are summarised in Ashina, et al. [13] The Brain Prize for 2021 was awarded to 4 investigators studying the trigeminovascular system and its implications for migraine pathophysiology and treatments.
For patients who require preventive therapy with symptoms such as more than 4 migraines per month or migraines lasting longer than 12 hours, first-line drugs for the prevention of migraine attacks include beta blockers, antidepressants, and anti convulsants.
Rescue treatment involves acute symptomatic control with medication. [4] Recommendations for rescue therapy of migraine include: (1) migraine-specific agents such as triptans, CGRP antagonists, or ditans for patients with severe headaches or for headaches that respond poorly to analgesics, (2) non-oral (typically nasal or injection) route of administration for patients with vomiting, (3) avoid ...
CHOP is the acronym for a chemotherapy regimen used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. CHOP consists of: CHOP consists of: C yclophosphamide , an alkylating agent which damages DNA by binding to it and causing the formation of cross-links
Dopaminergic pathways (dopamine pathways, dopaminergic projections) in the human brain are involved in both physiological and behavioral processes including movement, cognition, executive functions, reward, motivation, and neuroendocrine control. [1] Each pathway is a set of projection neurons, consisting of individual dopaminergic neurons.
It interacts with the CGRP protein, whose expression is related to migraine attacks. It may be administered monthly or every three months, giving options for users. Trials have shown a reduction of greater than 50% of migraine days for those who responded. There were few significant side effects during trials, most related to injection site ...
Neurobiologists have often had great difficulty distinguishing the VTA in humans and other primate brains from the substantia nigra (SN) and surrounding nuclei. Originally, the ventral tegmental area was designated as a ‘nucleus’, but over time ‘area’ became the more appropriate term used because of the heterogeneous cytoarchitectonic features of the region and the lack of clear ...
Models of working memory primarily focused on declarative memory until Oberauer suggested that declarative and procedural memory may be processed differently in working memory. [3] The working memory model is thought to be divided into two subcomponents; one is responsible for declarative, while the other represents procedural memory.