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Second, the inherent rotation, or spin, of the electron has a spin magnetic moment. In the Bohr model of the atom, for an electron that is in the orbit of lowest energy, its orbital angular momentum has magnitude equal to the reduced Planck constant, denoted ħ. The Bohr magneton is the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of an electron ...
In particle physics, the electron mass (symbol: m e) is the mass of a stationary electron, also known as the invariant mass of the electron. It is one of the fundamental constants of physics . It has a value of about 9.109 × 10 −31 kilograms or about 5.486 × 10 −4 daltons , which has an energy-equivalent of about 8.187 × 10 −14 joules ...
When the special case of the electromagnetic self-energy or self-force of charged particles is discussed, also in modern texts some sort of "effective" electromagnetic mass is sometimes introduced – not as an explanation of mass per se, but in addition to the ordinary mass of bodies. [B 6] Many different reformulations of the Abraham ...
The forces we experience when "pushing" or "pulling" ordinary material objects result from intermolecular forces between individual molecules in our bodies and in the objects. The effective forces generated by the momentum of electrons' movement is a necessary part of understanding atomic and intermolecular interactions.
When charged particles move in electric and magnetic fields the following two laws apply: Lorentz force law: = (+),; Newton's second law of motion: = =; where F is the force applied to the ion, m is the mass of the particle, a is the acceleration, Q is the electric charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the cross product of the ion's velocity and the magnetic flux density.
In atomic physics, the effective nuclear charge of an electron in a multi-electron atom or ion is the number of elementary charges an electron experiences by the nucleus. It is denoted by Z eff . The term "effective" is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevent higher energy electrons from experiencing the full ...
The electron, on the other hand, is thought to be stable on theoretical grounds: the electron is the least massive particle with non-zero electric charge, so its decay would violate charge conservation. [97] The experimental lower bound for the electron's mean lifetime is 6.6 × 10 28 years, at a 90% confidence level. [9] [98] [99]
In physics, a ponderomotive force is a nonlinear force that a charged particle experiences in an inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic field. It causes the particle to move towards the area of the weaker field strength, rather than oscillating around an initial point as happens in a homogeneous field.