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Delusions have been associated with this disorder (including delusional parasitosis, [54] delusional misidentification syndrome, [55] and denial of pregnancy or birth [56]), as well as hallucinations, [57] disorders of the will and self, [58] catalepsy and other symptoms of catatonia, [59] self-mutilation [60] and other severe disturbances of ...
The word comes from the Greek τόκος (tókos), meaning parturition. Early authors like Ideler [11] wrote about this fear, and, in 1937, Binder [12] drew attention to a group of women who sought sterilization because of tokophobia. In the last 40 years there have been a series of papers published mainly from Scandinavia. Tokophobia can be ...
However, bladder problems are most prevalent among older women. [80] Women over the age of 60 years are twice as likely as men to experience incontinence; one in three women over the age of 60 years are estimated to have bladder control problems. [74] One reason why women are more affected is the weakening of pelvic floor muscles by pregnancy. [81]
Some delusions may be extreme such as the conception, birth, and kidnapping of children that never existed or the belief that the individual was predestined or chosen by God to be with the object of their obsession. The delusional objects may be replaced by others over time, and some may be chronic in fixed forms. [4]
Delusional misidentification syndrome is an umbrella term, introduced by Christodoulou (in his book The Delusional Misidentification Syndromes, Karger, Basel, 1986) for a group of four delusional disorders that occur in the context of mental and neurological illness.
Paraphrenia is often associated with a physical change in the brain, such as a tumor, stroke, ventricular enlargement, or neurodegenerative process. [4] Research that reviewed the relationship between organic brain lesions and the development of delusions suggested that "brain lesions which lead to subcortical dysfunction could produce delusions when elaborated by an intact cortex".
A post-void residual urine greater than 50 ml is a significant amount of urine and increases the potential for recurring urinary tract infections. [citation needed] In adults older than 60 years, 50-100 ml of residual urine may remain after each voiding because of the decreased contractility of the detrusor muscle. [7]
A urine culture and sensitivity test will assess the presence of a urinary tract infection that may be related to urinary retention. [12] Other tests may be needed to find or rule out problems in other parts of the urinary system. [1] Differential diagnosis will be improved by identifying possible inflammation of the Skene's glands and ...