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Angular distance or angular separation is the measure of the angle between the orientation of two straight lines, rays, or vectors in three-dimensional space, or the central angle subtended by the radii through two points on a sphere.
In 1986, P. A. Bobbert and J. Vlieger extended the Mie model to calculate scattering by a sphere in a homogeneous medium placed on flat surface: the Bobbert–Vlieger (BV) model. Like the Mie model, the extended model can be applied to spheres with a radius nearly the wavelength of the incident light. [ 36 ]
The dimensionless quantity = / expresses the energy of the incident photon in terms of the electron rest energy (~511 keV), and may also be expressed as = /, where = / is the Compton wavelength of the electron (~2.42 pm). Notice that the scatter ratio ′ / increases monotonically with the deflection angle, from (forward scattering, no energy ...
Note 1: Aperture-to-medium coupling loss is related to the ratio of the scatter angle to the antenna beamwidth. Note 2: The "very large antennas" are referred to in wavelengths; thus, this loss can apply to line-of-sight systems also.
Wine glass in LCD projectors light beam makes the beam scatter.. In physics, scattering is a wide range of physical processes where moving particles or radiation of some form, such as light or sound, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities (including particles and radiation) in the medium through which they pass.
Define the unperturbed Hamiltonian by , the time dependent perturbing Hamiltonian by and total Hamiltonian by .. The eigenstates of the unperturbed Hamiltonian are assumed to be
where m is the Bragg order (a positive integer), λ B the diffracted wavelength, Λ the fringe spacing of the grating, θ the angle between the incident beam and the normal (N) of the entrance surface and φ the angle between the normal and the grating vector (K G). Radiation that does not match Bragg's law will pass through the VBG undiffracted.
The angle θ and axis unit vector e define a rotation, concisely represented by the rotation vector θe.. In mathematics, the axis–angle representation parameterizes a rotation in a three-dimensional Euclidean space by two quantities: a unit vector e indicating the direction of an axis of rotation, and an angle of rotation θ describing the magnitude and sense (e.g., clockwise) of the ...